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#1 fishinghat

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Posted 12 April 2014 - 05:55 PM

Brain Areas Without a Blood Brain Barrier.

All areas of the brain do not have a blood-brain barrier. The structures located at strategic positions in the midline of the ventricular system and lack the BBB are collectively referred to as circumventricular organs (CVOs).  In these non-barrier regions, the tight junctions between endothelial cells are discontinuous thus allowing entry of molecules.  Many of these areas participate in hormonal control. 

Areas of brain without a blood-brain barrier:

  • Pituitary gland

  • http://www.ncbi.nlm..../pubmed/2571183

  • biogenic amines, including the catecholamines (norepinephrine, dopamine and epinephrine), serotonin, acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

  •  

  • Median eminence

  • http://www.ncbi.nlm....les/PMC2929984/

  •  

  • The median eminence is a very unusual neural structure: although it contains nerve terminals and glial cells, it is virtually devoid of synapses and it has structural properties that distinguish it from other brain regions. We provide information about the molecular, anatomical and physiological features of the median eminence, and their age-related changes. The hypothalamic system controlling reproduction through the release of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) peptide from nerve terminals in the median eminence. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis of females includes GnRH cells and terminals in hypothalamus; the pituitary gonadotropes which produce the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); and the ovary, which produces steroid (particularly estradiol and progesterone) and protein hormones. All of the HPG levels must function normally for reproduction to occur, and during aging, each of these levels undergoes changes that may conribute to reproductive dysfunction and ultimately failure.

  •  

  • Area postrema

  • Chemoreception

  • The area postrema, one of the ,circumventricular organs detects toxins in the blood and acts as a vomit-inducing center. The area postrema is a critical homeostatic integration center for humoral and neural signals. Recent studies have implicated its function as a chemoreceptor trigger site for vomiting in response to emetic drugs. It is a densely vascularized structure that lacks tight junctions between endothelial cells, thereby allowing it to detect various toxins in the blood as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid.

  • Autonomic Regulation

  • The area postrema’s position outside of the blood–brain barrier makes this particular region of the medulla a key player in the autonomic control of various physiological systems, including the cardiovascular system and the systems controlling feeding and metabolism. A recent study has indicated the existence of prolactin-binding sites specific to the area postrema. The result of the current study has implicated the area postrema as a prolactin target area at which vascular prolactin has the ability to openly associate with neuronal components. Prolactin is a peptide hormone known in lower animals to play a significant role in osmoregulation, originally functioning to influence electrolyte balance, and may now be believed to stimulate reproductive behaviors such as the water-drive before ovoposition in amphibians and lactation in mammals.[5] Another recent study found that the administration of angiotensin II causes a dose-dependent increase in the arterial blood pressure without producing considerable changes in the heart rate. Evidence from this study reveals that the change in the arterial blood pressure depends on the integrity of the area postrema and that this site partially contributes to the action of angiotensin.

  •  

  • Preoptic recess

  • Molecules like dopamine stimulate cells in this portion of the preoptic area, and when stimulated, these neurons regulate male sexual behavior. Animal studies have shown that stimulation results in copulation behavior and the release of compounds like gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Higher dopamine stimulation is seen in response to testosterone levels, as well as by sensory stimulation, such as the presence of a female.

  •  

  • Paraphysis

  •  

  • Pineal gland

  • The pineal gland, also known as the pineal body, conarium or epiphysis cerebri, is a small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain. It produces the serotonin derivative melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of sleep patterns in the circadian rhythms and seasonal functions

  • Unlike much of the rest of the mammalian brain, the pineal gland is not isolated from the body by the blood–brain barrier system; it has profuse blood flow, second only to the kidney.

  •  

  • Endothelium of choroid plexus

  • The choroid plexus plays a wide range of roles in brain development, maturation, aging process, endocrine regulation, and pathogenesis of certain neurodegenerative diseases [1]. The choroid plexuses consist of a single layer of epithelial cells enclosing a vascular core that together form the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier [2]. The choroidal capillary is a single layer of endothelial cells interrupted by “pores” which exhibit a diaphragm between the lumen and the interstitial space. Study shows that choroid plexus endothelial cells express high Glut1 glucose transporter [3]. The high glucose transport densities in choroids plexus endothelial cells is consistent with the suggestion that choroids epithelial and endothelial cells provide a metabolic work capability for maintaining ionic gradients and secretory functions across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers.

 

Neurotransmitter across BBB

http://www.jci.org/a...canned-page/145

Transport of hormones across BBB

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm....8?dopt=Abstract

Small amounts of glutamate cross bbb.

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm....1?dopt=Abstract

Small amounts of glutamate cross bbb.

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm....9?dopt=Abstract

Glutamate across bbb

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm....7?dopt=Abstract

Glutamate across bbb

 

http://ajpcell.physi...pe2=tf_ipsecsha

Glutamate across bbb

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm....les/PMC3001209/

Melatonin passes through bbb.

.

 


#2 fishinghat

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Posted 12 April 2014 - 05:57 PM

Diseases/Conditions that affect bbb performance.

 

Oby, Emily; Janigro, Damir (2006). "The Blood–Brain Barrier and Epilepsy". Epilepsia 47 (11): 1761–1774. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00817.x. ISSN 0013-9580. PMID 17116015

 

Marchi, Nicola; Angelov, Lilyana; Masaryk, Thomas; Fazio, Vincent; Granata, Tiziana; Hernandez, Nadia; Hallene, Kerri; Diglaw, Tammy; Franic, Linda; Najm, Imad; Janigro, Damir (2007). "Seizure-Promoting Effect of Blood?Brain Barrier Disruption". Epilepsia 48 (4): 732–42. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.00988.x. PMID 17319915

 

Seiffert, E.; Dreier, JP; Ivens, S; Bechmann, I; Tomkins, O; Heinemann, U; Friedman, A (2004). "Lasting Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Induces Epileptic Focus in the Rat Somatosensory Cortex". Journal of Neuroscience 24 (36): 7829–36. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1751-04.2004. PMID 15356194.

 

Uva, L.; Librizzi, L.; Marchi, N.; Noe, F.; Bongiovanni, R.; Vezzani, A.; Janigro, D.; De Curtis, M. (2008). "Acute induction of epileptiform discharges by pilocarpine in the in vitro isolated guinea-pig brain requires enhancement of blood–brain barrier permeability". Neuroscience 151 (1): 303–12. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.10.037. PMC 2774816. PMID 18082973

 

Van Vliet, E. A.; Da Costa Araujo, S.; Redeker, S.; Van Schaik, R.; Aronica, E.; Gorter, J. A. (2007). "Blood-brain barrier leakage may lead to progression of temporal lobe epilepsy". Brain 130 (2): 521. doi:10.1093/brain/awl318.

 

Multiple sclerosis

Waubant, Emmanuelle (2006). "Biomarkers indicative of blood–brain barrier disruption in multiple sclerosis". Disease Markers 22 (4): 235–44. doi:10.1155/2006/709869. PMID 17124345.


 

Late-stage neurological trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)

 

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

 

De Vivo disease

Pascual, J.; Wang, D; Lecumberri, B; Yang, H; Mao, X; Yang, R; De Vivo, DC (May 2004). "GLUT1 deficiency and other glucose transporter diseases". European journal of endocrinology 150 (5): 627–33. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1500627. PMID 15132717.

Klepper, Jörg; Voit, Thomas (June 2002). "Facilitated glucose transporter protein type 1 (GLUT1) deficiency syndrome: impaired glucose transport into brain—a review". European journal of pediatrics 161 (6): 295–304. doi:10.1007/s00431-002-0939-3. PMID 12029447

 

Alzheimer's Disease

http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/23921899

Zipser, BD; Johanson, CE; Gonzalez, L; Berzin, TM; Tavares, R; Hulette, CM; Vitek, MP; Hovanesian, V; Stopa, EG (2007). "Microvascular injury and blood-brain barrier leakage in Alzheimer's disease". Neurobiology of Aging 28 (7): 977–86. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.05.016. PMID 16782234.

Nagele, Robert G. (2006). "Alzheimer's disease: new mechanisms for an old problem". University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. Retrieved 2011-07-22.

 

Cerebral edema

http://www.eurekaler...HCEL-280498.php

 

http://link.springer...-4613-0701-3_11

 

HIV encephalitis

http://www.nimh.nih....mpairment.shtml

 

Williams, Kenneth C.; Hickey, William F. (2002). "CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEMDAMAGE, MONOCYTES ANDMACROPHAGES, ANDNEUROLOGICALDISORDERS INAIDS". Annual Review of Neuroscience 25 (1): 537–562. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701

.142822. ISSN 0147-006X. PMID 12052920.

 

Rabies

http://download.spri...a2e347&ext=.pdf

 

Brain trauma, even moderate can modify bbb

http://www.plosone.o...al.pone.0056805

http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/23568152

 

Loss of REM sleep causes increased permeability of bbb.

http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/23713739

 

Ultrasound

http://www.rsc.org/c...hTheBarrier.asp

http://www.readcube..../jcbfm.2010.155

http://www.jove.com/...cranial-focused

 

Viruses

http://www.sciencedi...966842X12000637

 

seizures/Epilepsy

http://www.ncbi.nlm....les/PMC3293070/

http://www.bauerhart...lications/2.pdf

 

ischemia

http://www.ncbi.nlm....les/PMC2626921/

http://www.ncbi.nlm....les/PMC3755903/

 

Microwaves

http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/18821198

http://www.sciencedi...00689938190398X

 

hypertension

http://hyper.ahajour.../6/809.abstract

http://jap.physiolog...ontent/91/1/123

http://www.ncbi.nlm..../pubmed/7461796

 

hepatic encephalopathy

http://www.ncbi.nlm....les/PMC3246587/

http://pubs.niaaa.ni...7-3/240-246.htm

 

Diabetes

http://www.sciencedi...197458013000420

http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/18673200

http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/12678883

  •  


#3 FiveNotions

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Posted 12 April 2014 - 06:37 PM

Fishinghat, you are the GOD of research!

This will keep me occupied for hours!

Awesome information....just awesome!

#4 fishinghat

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Posted 12 April 2014 - 06:48 PM

Common Neurotransmitters

Chem. Family Transmitter Name Does it cross BBB Reference

Small: Amino acids (Arg)Agmatine Yes http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/15028571

Small: Aminoacids Aspartate Limited http://articles.merc...ain-health.aspx

Small: Amino acids Glutamate (glutamic acid) Limited to moderate See Notes

Small: Amino acids Gamma-aminobutyric acid No

Small: Amino acids Glycine Limited http://www.ncbi.nlm....books/NBK28180/

Small: Amino acids D- serine Limited http://www.sciencedi...197018612001027

Small: Acetylcholine Acetylcholine No http://the-medical-dictionary.com/dimethyltryptamine_article_5.htm

Small: Monoamine (Phe/Tyr)Dopamine No

Small: Monoamine (Phe/Tyr)Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Minimal http://www.ncbi.nlm....v/pubmed/961901

Small: Monoamine (Phe/Tyr)Epinephrine (adrenaline) No

Small: Monoamine (Trp)Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 1 – 2% if brain seratonin low.

http://www.life-enhancement.com/magazine/article/46-5-htp-facts-and-fiction

Small: Monoamine (Trp)Melatonin Yes http://www.ncbi.nlm....les/PMC3001209/

Small: Trace amine (Phe)Phenethylamine Yes http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/408734

Small: Trace amine (Phe)N-methylphenethylamine Unk

Small: Trace amine (Phe/Tyr)Tyramine No http://www.ncbi.nlm..../pubmed/6492942

Small: Trace amine (Phe/Tyr)Octopamine Unk

Small: Trace amine (Phe/Tyr)Synephrine Yes

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166186/#!po=8.33333

Small: Trace amine (Phe/Tyr)3-methoxytyramine No

Small: Trace amine (Trp)Tryptamine Yes http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21628792

Small: Trace amine (Trp)Dimethyltryptamine Yes

Small: Diamine (His)Histamine Unk

NeuropeptidesN-Acetylaspartylglutamate Moderate Riveros, N.; Orrego, F. (1984). "A study of possible excitatory effects of N-acetylaspartylglutamate in different in vivo and in vitro brain preparations". Brain Research 299 (2): 393–395. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(84)90727-3. PMID 6145497.

PP: Gastrins Gastrin Unk

PP: Gastrins Cholecystokinin No http://en.wikipedia....Cholecystokinin

PP: Neurohypophyseals Vasopressin Yes http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2364078

PP: Neurohypophyseals Oxytocin No http://psychcentral....xytocin/0001386

PP: Neurohypophyseals Neurophysin I Unk

PP: Neurohypophyseals Neurophysin II Unk

PP: Neuropeptide Y Neuropeptide Y Yes http://ajpendo.physi...tent/276/3/E479

PP: Neuropeptide Y Pancreatic polypeptide Yes http://www.sciencedi...09130579400412C

PP: Neuropeptide Y Peptide YY Moderate http://www.sciencedi...471489204001602

PP:OpioidsCorticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) Yes http://www.researchg...d-brain_barrier

PP: Opioids Enkephaline Yes http://www.cs.columb...brain/text.html

PP: Opioids Dynorphin Yes http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196978112004202

PP: Opioids Endorphin Minimal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorphin

PP: Secretins Secretin Yes http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134484

PP: Secretins Motilin Unk

PP: Secretins Glucagon Unk

PP: Secretins Vasoactive intestinal peptide Yes http://www.sciencedi...196978103000597

PP: Secretins Growth hormone-releasing factor No http://www.ncbi.nlm....pubmed/10392357

PP: Somatostatins Somatostatin Yes http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1573221/

SS: Tachykinins Neurokinin A Unk

SS: Tachykinins Neurokinin B Unk

SS: Tachykinins Substance P Yes

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16729222

PP: Other Bombesin Moderate http://www.sciencedi...19697819090064C

PP: Other Gastrin releasing peptide No

http://www.sciencedi...006899304017974

Other Anandamide Yes http://addiction-dirkh.blogspot.com/2008/01/anandamide-brains-own-marijuana.html

Other 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Unk

Other 2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether Yes http://www.northeast...arch/index.html

Other ''N''-Arachidonoyl dopamine poor http://www.sciencedi...471489202000061

Other Virodhamine Unk

Other Adenosine triphosphate Some http://davislab.med.arizona.edu/content/transport-blood-brain-barrier-bbb

Other Adenosine Yes http://jpet.aspetjou...ontent/268/1/14

 


#5 Carleeta

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Posted 12 April 2014 - 07:26 PM

Fishinghat. ..Wow. ..ty...All this research is greatly appreciated! It will take a while to get through it all, although it going to be some great in depth reading...Thank you and God Bless you.

#6 Wagtail

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Posted 13 April 2014 - 02:51 PM

Fishinghat, I know I must be repairing because a couple of months ago there would be NO WAY I could have read through this .. Great research , @ this rate you could get a doctorate !..:-)

#7 gail

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Posted 13 April 2014 - 03:48 PM

Agree with Wagtail , a doctorate indeed. I wish I could understand the third it says!Too much for my brain, as I am the visual type, I cannot comprehend most of what it says.

 

My goodness the site is getting worse and worse.

 

Trying to write from the left page, so weird, It starts at the right. Like chineese, start at the right and write bacwards.


#8 fishinghat

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Posted 13 April 2014 - 04:27 PM

These articles are not so much for any specific content rather to show the complexity of the human brain and how many things can effect just the entering of materials into the brain .I can tell you we only new half this much 10 years ago. What will it be like in 50 years? Scarey.


#9 TryinginFL

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Posted 13 April 2014 - 07:04 PM

FH....yowza...you are amazing!  I don't think I could comprehend half of this, but I do try to read it!

 

Thanks and God bless,

 

Liz





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